Paris Agreement

1. Temperature Goals: The agreement aims to limit global warming to well below 2°C (3.6°F) above pre-industrial levels and preferably to 1.5°C (2.7°F). This is to minimize the impacts of climate change.
2. Emissions Reduction: Countries are expected to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions as soon as possible and reach net zero emissions by the middle of the 21st century. To achieve this, emissions need to be cut by roughly 50% by 2030.
3. Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs): Each country must determine, plan, and regularly report on its contributions to reducing emissions. These contributions are voluntary and not legally binding.
4. Finance: Developed countries have committed to mobilize $100 billion per year in climate finance by 2020 and continue to do so until 2025. This finance is for supporting mitigation and adaptation efforts in developing countries.
5. Loss and Damage: The agreement recognizes the need to address loss and damage caused by climate change, particularly for vulnerable countries. This includes measures to avert, minimize, and address loss and damage.

1. Implementation: The agreement is implemented through national policies and actions. This includes improving energy efficiency, reducing fossil fuel use, and increasing the use of sustainable energy.
2. Effectiveness: While the agreement has been widely praised, its effectiveness is debated. Current pledges are insufficient to meet the 1.5°C target, and there is a need for increased ambition and implementation of existing commitments.
3. Litigation: The Paris Agreement has been used in climate change litigation, with several notable cases in which courts have ordered governments and corporations to strengthen their climate actions.
4. Human Rights: The agreement has been recognized as a human rights treaty by several countries, including Brazil, and has been linked to various human rights, such as the right to life, water, and food.

• Climate Neutrality: The European Union (EU) has committed to becoming the first climate-neutral economy and society by 2050.
• Paris Agreement Ratification: All EU member states have signed and ratified the Paris Agreement, demonstrating their strong commitment to its goals.
• Long-term Emission Reduction Strategy: The EU has submitted its long-term emission reduction strategy and updated climate plans (NDCs) as required by the agreement.

Overall, the Paris Agreement represents a significant step forward in global efforts to address climate change. While there are challenges in implementing the agreement, it has also led to increased awareness and action on climate change, including in litigation and human rights contexts.